К сожалению, история человечества богата войнами, восстаниями, революциями. И наше современное время никак нельзя назвать спокойным: война в Ираке, в Афганистане, оранжевая революция, революция роз и т.д. В общем, тема войны, военных событий всегда остается актуальной для человеческого общества.
Давайте рассмотрим некоторые полезные английские слова так или иначе связанные с военными событиями:
Verbs describing warfare:
Глаголы, описывающие войну (приёмы ведения войны):
Defeat and overthrow
To defeat — одержать победу, наносить поражение, завоёвывать
E.g. The government forces defeated the rebels in a fierce battle. (They beat them).
To overthrow — свергать, ниспровергать
E.g. The rebels overthrew the government. (They removed them from power using force).
NB:
To defeat somebody means to beat them in a war or battle;
To overthrow somebody means to remove them from power using force.
To break out — развёртывать, вспыхивать (о войне и т.п.)
E.g. Fighting broke out between the rebels and the army.
To declare — заявлять, объявлять
E.g. The country declared war on their neighbor because there were troops on the border.
To shell — бомбардировать, обстреливать артиллерийским огнём
E.g. The army shelled the city all night. (They fired shells (explosives) at them).
To blow up – взрывать, разрушать
E.g. The rebels blew up the government building. (They made it explode).
Withdraw and retreat
To withdraw – отзывать, отводить, ретироваться, удаляться, уходить
E.g. The army withdrew from the city. (They moved back to another position for tactical reasons).
To retreat — отступать, отходить
E.g. The rebels retreated. They moved away from the enemy because they were in danger.
NB:
To withdraw means to move to another place for tactical reasons;
To retreat means to move away from an enemy because you have lost the fight or because you are in danger.
To surrender – сдаваться, капитулировать
E.g. Some of the rebels surrendered. They admitted that they had lost and wanted to stop fighting.
To capture — захватывать, брать силой, брать в плен
E.g. They captured over 200 rebels. (They took them prisoner).
To loot — грабить; захватывать добычу
E.g. Soldiers looted shops and houses in a desperate search for food. (They stole things from shops and buildings).
Nouns:
Capture – захват, задержание; поимка
Defeat – проигрыш (в соревновании); поражение, разгром (в военной баталии)
Loot – добыча, награбленное добро, трофеи
Overthrow – свержение, ниспровержение
Retreat – отступление, сигнал к отступлению, отход, отбой
Shell – гильза (патрона); патрон, артиллерийский снаряд
Surrender – сдача, капитуляция
Withdraw – извлечение, изъятие, вывод
Теперь давайте изучим как на английском будут называться люди и события, связанные с войной, военными событиями:
People and events
Ally – союзник, сторонник
E.g. Ally is a country that has agreed to help and support another country, especially in time of war.
Casualties – раненые, убитые, потери (на войне)
E.g. Casualties are people who have been killed or wounded in a war.
Civilians – гражданское население
E.g. Civilians are people who are not members of the armed forces or the police.
Forces – вооружённые силы, войска
E.g. Forces are a group of people who have been trained to protect other people, usually by using weapons.
Refugees – беженцы
E.g. Refugees are people who have to leave their homes because of a war or a political situation.
Sniper – меткий стрелок, снайпер
E.g. Sniper is a person who shoot at someone from a hidden position.
Survivors – оставшиеся в живых, уцелевшие
E.g. Survivors are people who are not killed in a war or an accident.
Troops – войска, вооруженные силы, воинские части
E.g. Troops are soldiers, especially in large groups.
The wounded – раненые
E.g. The wounded are people who have been injured by weapons.
War events:
Coup and revolution
Coup – государственный переворот
Revolution — революция
NB:
A coup is when a small group of people try to overthrow a government or change the political system;
A revolution is when the mass of the population try to do the same thing.
Ceasefire and treaty
Ceasefire – соглашение о прекращении огня [военных действий], перемирие
Treaty – договор, соглашение, конвенция
NB:
A ceasefire is when two sides agree to temporarily stop fighting;
A treaty is when two or more sides sign an agreement.
Civil war – гражданская война
E.g. Civil war is a war between groups of people in the same country.
Siege – осада
E.g. Siege is when an army try to take a town by surrounding it and stopping the food supply.